Center for Global Health and Development

Dr. Thea received his MD from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and was trained in tropical medicine at the London School of Hygiene and infectious diseases at New England Medical Center. He has pursued a full time career in both domestic and international clinical and epidemiological infectious disease research, primarily in issues related to child survival and in particular mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS. Dr. Thea was an early member of Projet SIDA (Kinshasa, Zaire), the first international clinical AIDS field site, where he did work on the etiology of diarrhea in perinatally acquired HIV infection and was the director of the Clinical Research Unit. He pursued his interest in perinatal transmission of HIV as the Principal Investigator of the New York City Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study. In 1998 he then joined the Health and Social Development Unit of the Harvard Institute for International Development where he focused on international field research in Acute Respiratory Illness, Malaria and HIV. Dr. Thea joined the International Health department along with the other members of the Harvard team where he is currently a Professor of International Health and the Director of the Clinical Sciences Unit within the Center for International Health and Development (CIHD). In this capacity, Dr. Thea provides senior technical leadership of a portfolio of projects addressing community treatment of neonatal sepsis, management of acute respiratory illness in children, community and facilities-based management of acute malaria, presumptive prophylaxis of malaria in pregnancy, social and behavioral aspects of HIV transmission and child sexual abuse. Dr. Thea is the Principal Investigator of several studies and projects including a prospective cohort study of postnatal HIV through breastmilk (the Zambia Exclusive Breastfeeding Study), the Zambia Boston University Malaria Project ZAMBUMP, the Boston University PMTCT Integration Projects – Southern Province Zambia.

Read Stories about Donald Thea:

• "Hospitalization Not Needed for Kids with Severe Pneumonia in Developing Nations"
• "Study Supports Home Care for Severe Pneumonia in Children"
• "IH Researcher Don Thea to Present Improved Pneumonia Treatment Protocol to WHO"

1.   Holt PR, Thea D, Kotler DP, Yang M. Effective pharmacologic retardation of dietary carbohydrate absorption without fecal caloric wastage. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41:828, 1985.

2.   Thea DM. Cephalosporins in surgical prophylaxis. Hospital Therapy 13:35, 1988.

3.   Holt PR, Thea DM, Yang MY, Kotler DP. Intestinal and metabolic responses to an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor in normal volunteers. Metabolism 37:1163, 1988.

4.   Keusch GT, Thea DM. The Salmonellae: Typhoid fever and gastroenteritis. In: Mechanism of Microbial Disease. Schaecter M, Medoff G, Schlessinger DM, Eds. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1989.

5.   Thea DM, Keusch GT. The Digestive System. In: Mechanism of Microbial Disease. Schaecter M, Medoff G, Schlessinger DM, Eds. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1989.

6.   Thea DM, Barza M. Use of antibacterial agents in infections of the central nervous system. Infectious Diseases Clinics of North America, 3(3):553-570, 1989.

7.   Keusch GT, Thea DM, Kamenga M, Kakanda K, Mbala M, Brown C, Davachi F. Persistent diarrhea associated with AIDS. Acta Paed Suppl 381:45-8, 1992.

8.   Thea DM, Pereira MEA, Kotler DP, Sterling CR, Keusch GT. Identification and partial purification of a lectin on the surface of the sporozoite of Crptosporidium. Journal of Parasitology 78(5):886-893, 1992.

9.   Thea DM, Glass R, Grohmann GS, Perriens J, Ngoy B, Kapita B, Uvoya A, Mwamba M, Keusch GT. Prevalence of enteric viruses among hospitalized AIDS patients in Kinshasa, Zaire. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine, 87(3): 263-6, 1993.

10.  Keusch GT, Thea DM. Malnutrition in AIDS. Medical Clinics of North America 77(4):795-814, 1993.

11. Thea, DM, St. Louis M, Biyela K, Kakanda K, Atido U, Mbala M, Tshimpaka T, Kamenga C, Davachi F, Brown C, Rand W, Keusch GT. A prospective study of diarrhea and HIV-1 infection among 429 Zairian infants. New England Journal of Medicine, 329:1696-1702, 1993.

12. Abrams EJ, Matheson PB, Thomas PA, Thea DM, Krasinski K, Shaffer N, Bamji M, Hutson D, Lambert G, Bateman D, Rogers M, and the New York Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group. Neonatal predictors of infection status and early death among 84 HIV-1 infected infants followed prospectively from birth. Pediatrics, 96(3):451-458, 1995.

13. Thea DM, Lambert G, Weedon J, Matheson PB, Abrams EJ, Bamji M, Straus WL, Thomas PA, Krasinski K, Heagarty M, and The New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group. Benefit of primary prophylaxis prior to 18 months of age in reducing the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and early death in a cohort of 112 HIV-infected infants. Pediatrics, 97(1):59-64, 1996.

14. Matheson PB, Thomas P, Abrams EJ, Hernán MA, Thea DM, Lambert G, Krasinski K, Bamji M, Rogers MF, Heagarty, M and the New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group. Efficacy of antenatal zidovudine in reducing perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus Type I. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 172:353-8, 1995.

15. Matheson PB, Weedon J, Cappelli M, Abrams EJ, Shaffer N, Bamji M, Krasinski K, Lambert G, Kaul A, Grimm K, Hutson D, Thomas PA and the New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group. Comparative methods of estimating the mother-to-child transmission rate of HIV-1. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142(7):714-718, 1995.

16. Thea D. Letter to the Editor, in response to Bayer editorial, November 3, 1994. New England Journal of Medicine, 332(13):892, 1995.

17. Thea DM, Porat R, Nagimbi K, Atido U, Baangi M, St. Louis ME, Kaplan G, Dinarello CA, Keusch GT. Plasma cytokines, cytokine antagonists, and disease progression in African women infected with HIV-1. Annals of Internal Medicine, 124(8):757-763, 1996.

18. Kuhn L, Abrams EJ, Chinchilla M, Tsai W-Y, Thea DM and the New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group. Sensitivity of HIV-1 DNA polymerase chain reaction in the neonatal period. (letter) AIDS 10(10):1181-1182, 1996.

19. Matheson PB, Thomas PA, Pliner V, Lambert G, Bamji M, Krasinski K, Steketee RW, Chiasson MA, Abrams EJ, Thea DM and the New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group. . Heterosexual behavior during pregnancy and perinatal transmission of HIV-1.  AIDS, 10:1249-1256, 1996.

20. Bamji M, Thea DM, Weedon J, Lambert G, Matheson PB, Abrams EJ, Steketee RI, Thomas PA, and The New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study. Prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus 1-related disease among 512 infants born to infected women in New York City. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal, 15(10):891-898, 1996.

21. Nesheim SR, Shaffer NS, Vink P, Thea DM, Palumbo P, Greenberg B, Simonds RJ, for PACTS.  Lack of increased risk for perinatal human immunodeficiency virus transmission to subsequent children born to infected women. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal, 15(10):886-890, 1996.

22. Thea DM, Steketee RI, Bornschlegel K, Pliner, Brown T, Orloff S, Matheson PB, Abrams EJ, Bamji M, Lambert G, Schoenbaum EA, Thomas PA, Krasinski K, Heagarty M, Kalish M, and the New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study. The effect of maternal viral load on the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV-1. AIDS, 11(4):437-444, 1997.

23. Lambert G, Thea DM, Pliner V, Steketee R, Abrams E, Matheson PM, Thomas PA, Greenberg B, Brown T, Bamji M, Kalish M and the New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study . Effect of maternal viral load on disease progression in infants with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency type 1 infection. Journal of Pediatrics 130:890-897,1997.

24. Kuhn L, Abrams E, Matheson P, Thomas PA. Lambert G, Bamji M, Greenberg B, Steketee R, Thea DM and the New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group. Timing of maternal-infant HIV transmission: associations between intrapartum factors and early polymerase chain reaction results AIDS, 11(4):429-435, 1997.

25. Steketee R, Abrams EA, Thea DM et al. Early detection of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection using HIV RNA amplification and detection. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 175:707-11, 1997.

26. Greenberg BL, Semba RD, Vink PE, Farley JJ, Steketee RS, Thea DM, Schoenbaum ES. Vitamin A deficiency and maternal-infant transmission of HIV in two metropolitan areas of the US. AIDS, 11:325-332, 1997.

25. Kotler DP, Thea DM, Allison D, Wang J, Pierson RN, St. Louis ME, Keusch GT. Comparison of the relative influences of race, sex, environment on body cell mass in healthy adults by bioimpedance analysis. American Journal of Human Biology 10:259-268, 1998.

26. Hengel RL, Kennedy MS, Steketee RW, Thea DM, Abrams EJ, Lambert G, et al. Neutralizing antibody and perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 14:475-481, 1998.

27. Hamer DH, Simon J, Thea DM, Keusch GT. Childhood diarrhea in sub-saharan Africa. Part I. Methods, mortality, morbidity, malnutrition, acute, persistent and invasive diarrhea. Submitted, International Journal of Epidemiology. Child Health Research Project Special Report, April, 1998.

33. Frenkel LM, Mullins JI, Learn GH, Herring Laura Manns-ArcuinoL, Stketee RS, Thea DM, Kalish M, Nichols JE, Muthui D, Liu S, Harmache A, Xi H, Madan A, Hood L, Haase AT, Zupancic M, Staskus K, Wolinsky S, Krogstad P, Zhao J, Chen I, Koup R, Ho D, Korber B, Coombs RW, Pawha S and Roberts NJ, Jr. Genetic evaluation of suspected cases of transient HIV-1 infection of infants. Science 15;280(5366):1073-1077, 1998.

34. Pliner V, Weedon J, Thomas PA, Steketee RW, Abrams EJ, Lambert G, Greenberg B, Bamji M, Thea DM, Pamela B. Matheson and the New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group. Incubation period of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in perinatally infected. AIDS 12 (7):759-766, 1998.

35. Abrams EJ, Weedon J, Steketee RW, Lambert G, Bamji M, Brown T, Kalish ML, Schoenbaum EE, Thomas PA, and Thea DM. Association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load early in life with disease progression among HIV-infected infants. New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group. J Infect Dis 178 (1):101-108, 1998.

36. Simonds RJ, Brown TM, Thea DM, Orloff SL, Steketee RW, Lee FK, Palumbo PE, Kalish ML. Sensitivity and specificity of a qualitative RNA detection assay to diagnose HIV infection in young infants. Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study. AIDS Aug 20 (12):1545-9,1998.

37. Nahmias AJ, Clark WS, Kourtis AP, Lee FK, Cotsonis G, Igebu C, Vink P, Palumbo P, Thea DM, Simonds RJ, Nesheim SR, and the CDC Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study (PACTS) Group. Thymic dysfunction and time of infection predict mortality in Human Immunodeficiency virus-infected infants. Journal of Infectious Diseases 178:680-5, 1998.

38. Kuhn L, Steketee RW, Weedon J, Abrams E, Lambert G, Bamji M, Schoenbaum E, Nesheim SR, Palumbo P, Vink P, Farley J, Thea DM for the Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study (PACTS). Distinct risk factors for intrauterine and intrapartum human immunodeficiency virus transmission and consequences of disease progression in infected children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 179:52-8, 1999.

39. The International Perinatal HIV Group. Mode of delivery and vertical transmission of HIV-1: a meta-analysis from fifteen prospective cohort studies. New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340:977-987.

40. Tsang SX, Switzer WM, Shanmugan V, Johnson JA, Goldsmith C, Wright A, Fadly A, Thea D, Jaffe H, Folks TM and Heneine W. Evidence of endogenous avian retroviruses in measles and mumps vaccines derived from chicken cells. Journal of Virology 73 (7):5843-51, 1999.

41. Kotler DP, Thea DM, Moonseong H, Allison DB, Engelson ES, Wang JW, Pierson RN, St. Louis ME, Keusch GT. Relative influences of sex, race, environment, and HIV infection upon body composition in adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69:432-9, 1999.

42. Kalish ML, Thea DM, Steketee RW. 1999. Perinatal HIV Infection. In The Evolution of HIV. ed. Crandall K. pp. 390-431. The Johns Hopkins University Press.

43.  Thea DM, Rosen S, Simon J. AIDS is Devastating Whole Societies. Editorial, Boston Globe. September 14, 1999.

44. Rosen S, Simon J, Thea D, and Zeitz P. Exchanging Debt for Health in Africa: Lessons from Ten Years of Debt-for-Development Swaps. Development Discussion Paper #732. Harvard Institute for International Development, November, 1999. 26 pp.

45. Rosen S, Vincent JR, Simon JL, Singh G, and Thea DM. 2000. A model for assessing the costs of workforce HIV/AIDS. Extended abstract volumes for the XIIIth International AIDS Conference, Durban South Africa, 9-14 July, 2000.

46. Rosen S, Simon JL, Thea DM, and Vincent JR. 2000. Care and treatment to extend the working lives of HIV-positive employees: calculating the benefits to business. South African Journal of Science 96(6):300-34.

47. Simon JL, Rosen S, Whiteside A, Vincent JR and Thea DM. 2000. The response of African businesses to HIV/AIDS. In HIV/AIDS in the Commonwealth 2000/01. London: Kensington Publications.

48. Kourtis AP, Nesheim SR, Thea D, Ibegbu C, Nahmias AJ, Lee FK, Correlation of virus load and soluble L-selectin, a marker of immune activation, in pediatric HIV-1 infection, AIDS (London, England), 14(16), 2429-36, Nov 2000.

49. Reisler RB, Thea DM, Pliner V, Green T, Lee F, Nesheim, Brown T, Kalish M, Folks TM, and Heneine W. Early detection of reverse transcriptase activity in plasma of neonates infected with HIV-1: A comparative analysis with RNA and DNA based PCR testing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001 Jan 1;26(1):93-102.

50. Hussain AI, Shanmugam V, Switzer WM, Tsang SX, Fadly A, Thea DM, Helfand R, Bellini WJ, Folks TM and Heneine W. Lack of Evidence of Transmission of Endogenous Avian Leukosis Virus (ALV) and Endogenous Avian Retrovirus (EAV) to Recipients of ALV and EAV positive Measles and Mumps Vaccine. Emerg Infect Dis 2001 Jan-Feb;7(1):66-72.

51. Demas PA, Webber MP, Schoenbaum Ellie E, Weedon J, McWayne J, Enriquez E, Bamji M, Lambert G, Thea DM. Maternal Adherence to the ZDV Regimen for HIV-Exposed Infants to Prevent HIV Infection. Pediatrics 2002 Sep;110(3):e35.

52. Sabbaj S, Edwards BH, Ghosh MK, Semrau K, Cheelo S, Thea DM, Kuhn L, Ritter GD, Mulligan MJ, Goepfert PA, Aldrovandi GM. Human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in human breast milk. J Virol 2002 Aug; 76 (15):7365-73.

53. Rosen S, Simon J, Vincent JR, MacLeod W, Fox M, and Thea DM. AIDS is Your Business. Harvard Business Review, February, 2003.

54. Ghosh MK, Kuhn L, West J, Semrau K, Decker D, Thea DM and Aldrovandi GM. Quantitation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) in Breast Milk. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jun;41(6):2465-70.

55. Hibberd PL, Patel A, and the Amoxicillin Penicillin Pneumonia International Study (APPIS Group). Issues in the Design of Antibiotic Equivalency Studies - Multi-center Equivalency Study of Oral Amoxicillin versus Injectable Penicillin in Children aged 3-59 Months with Severe Pneumonia. In CID 2003;39: 526-31.

56. Gill CJ, Hamer DH, Thea DM. Questions regarding the effectiveness of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole) prophylaxis in African children. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;37(6):863-4.

57. Rosen S, Vincent JR, MacLeod W, Fox M, Thea DM, Simon JL. The Cost of HIV/AIDS to Businesses in Southern Africa. AIDS 18(2) 23 January 2004 pp 317-324.

58. Thea DM, Vwalika C, Kasonde P, Kankasa C, Sinkala M, Semrau K, Shutes E, Ayash C, Tsai W, Aldrovandi G, Kuhn L. Issues in the Design of a Clinical Trial with a Behavioral Intervention - The Zambia Exclusive Breastfeeding Study (ZEBS). Controlled Clinical Trials 2004, 25; 353-365.

59. Addo-Yobo E, Chisaka N, Hassan M, Hibberd P, Lozano JM, Jeena P, MacLeod WB, Maulen I, Patel A, Qazi S, Thea DM, Nguyen NT. Oral amoxicillin versus injectable penicillin for severe pneumonia in children aged 3 to 59 months: a randomised multicentre equivalency study. Lancet. 2004 Sep 25;364(9440):1141-8.

60. Rosen S, MacLeod W, Vincent J, Thea DM, Simon J. Why do firms take action on HIV/AIDS? Evidence from Nigeria. The Journal of Business in Developing Nations. 2004 8:1-38.

61. Semrau K, Kuhn L, Vwalika C, Kasonde P, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Shutes E, Aldrovandi G and Thea DM. Voluntary counseling and testing of couples within a prevention of mother-to-child transmission program is not associated with fewer adverse social events. AIDS, 2005 Apr 8;19(6):603-609.

62. Kuhn L, Trabattoni D, Kankasa C, Semrau K, Kasonde P, Lissoni F, Sinkala M, Ghosh M, Vwalika C, Aldrovandi G, Thea DM, Clerici M. Alpha-defensins in the prevention of HIV transmission among breastfed infants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Jun 1;39(2):138-142.

63. Gill CJ, Hamer DH, Simon JL, Thea DM, Sabin L. No Room for Complacency About Adherence To Antiretroviral Therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2005 Aug 12;19(12):1243-9.

64. Murray LK, Haworth A, Semrau K, Aldrovandi GM, Singh M, Sinkala M, Thea DM, Bolton P. Violence and Abuse among HIV-Infected Women and their Children in Zambia: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders. 2006 Aug;194(8):610-5.

65. Jeena P, Noel Chisaka, Donald M. Thea, William B. MacLeod, HM Coovadia, Shamim Qazi and the Amoxicillin Penicillin Pneumonia International Study (APPIS Group). Failure of Standard Antimicrobial Therapy Among Children 3 To 59 Months Of Age With Mild Or Asymptomatic HIV Infection And Who-Defined Severe Pneumonia. Bulletin WHO. 2006 Apr 84(4): 257-336.

66. Kuhn L, Prisca Kasonde, Cheswa Vwalika, Moses Sinkala, Chipepo Kankasa, Katherine Semrau, Michelle Kuba, Wei-Yann Tsai, Grace M. Aldrovandi, Donald M. Thea, Effect of early cessation of breastfeeding on mortality and disease progression among HIV-infected women. AIDS 2005 Oct 14;19(15):1677-1681.

67. Kuhn L, Kasonde P, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Semrau K, Scott N, Tsai WY, Vermund S, Aldrovandi G, Thea DM. Does HIV disease progression among HIV-infected mothers affect mortality and morbidity of their uninfected infants? Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2005 Oct 27; 41:1654-61.

68. D Zurovac, M Ndhlovu, AK Rowe, DH Hamer, DM Thea, and RW Snow. Treatment of paediatric malaria during a period of drug transition to artemether-lumefantrine in Zambia: cross sectional study. BMJ. 2005 October 1; 331(7519): 734.

69. Demas PA, Thea DM, Weedon J, McWayne J, Bamji M, Lambert G, Schoenbaum EE. Adherence to zidovudine for the prevention of perinatal transmission in HIV-infected pregnant women: the impact of social network factors, side effects, and perceived treatment efficacy.
Women Health. 2005; 42(1):99-115.

70. Albrecht S, Semrau K, Kasonde P, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Vwalika C, Aldrovandi G, Thea DM, Kuhn L. Predictors of non-adherence with single-dose nevirapine therapy for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission. JAIDS, 2006;41(1):114-118.

71. Semrau K, Kuhn L, Kasonde P, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Shutes E, Vwalika C, Ghosh M, Aldrovandi GM and Thea DM. Impact of Chloroquine on Viral Load in Breast Milk. Trop Med Int Health. 2006 Jun;11(6):800-3.

72. Thea DM, Aldrovandi G, Kankasa C, Kasonde P, Decker WD, Semrau K, Sinkala M, and Kuhn L. Post-weaning Breastmilk HIV-1 Viral Load, Serum Prolactin Levels and Breastmilk Volume. AIDS. 2006 Jul 13;20(11):1539-47.

73. Walter J, Mwiya M, Scott N, Kasonde P, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Kauchali S, Aldrovandi GM, Thea DM, Kuhn L. Antenatal cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and adverse birth outcomes among HIV-infected women in Lusaka, Zambia. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2006:194:1510-8.

74. Kuhn L, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Kasonde P, Thea DM, Aldrovandi GM. Nevirapine resistance viral mutations after repeat use of nevirapine for prevention of perinatal HIV transmission. 2006 Jun; JAIDS 42(2):260-262.

75. Fu LY, Ruthazer R, Wilson I, Patel A, Fox LM, Thea DM, Qazi S, Hibberd P. Benefits of Brief Hospitalization and Pulse Oximetry for Predicting Amoxicillin Treatment Failure in Children with Severe Pneumonia. Pediatrics 2006;118 e1822-e1830.

76. Kuhn L, Trabattoni D, Kankasa C, Sinkala M, Lissoni F, Ghosh M, Aldrovandi G, Thea D, Clerici M. Hiv-specific secretory IgA in breast milk of HIV-positive mothers is not associated with protection against HIV transmission among breast-fed infants. J Pediatr. 2006 Nov;149(5):591-3.

77. Dorosko SM, Thea DM, Saperstein G, Russell RM, Paape MJ, Hinckley LS, Decker WD, Ghosh MK, Semrau K, Sinkala M, Kasonde P, Kankasa C, Aldrovandi GM, Hamer DH. Veterinary field test as screening tool for mastitis and HIV-1 viral load in breast milk from HIV-infected Zambian women. Breastfeeding Medicine 2007 Sep;2(3):172-5.

78. Kuhn L, Aldrovandi GM and Thea DM. Letter to the Editor in response to Otieno et al. HIV-1 disease progression in breast-feeding and formula-feeding mothers. J Infect Dis. 2007 Jun 1;195(11):1728-9.

79. Jeena PM, Minkara AK, Corr P, Bassa F, McNally L, Coovadia HM, Fox M, Hamer D, Thea D.
Impact of HIV-1 Status on The Radiological Presentation and Clinical Outcome of Children with WHO Defined Community-Acquired Severe Pneumonia. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Nov;92(11):976-9.

80. Simon J, Thea DM. Response to Use of Evidence in WHO Recommendations (letter). Lancet Sept, 2007 370:824-5.

81. Qazi S, Weber M, Lawe-Davies O, Thea DM. WHO Guidelines for Treatment of Severe Pneumonia (letter). Lancet. August, 2007, 370:385.

82. Walter J, Kuhn L, Ghosh M, Kankasa C, Semrau K, Sinkala M, Mwiya M, Thea DM, Aldrovandi, GM. Low and Undetectable Breast Milk Interleukin-7 Concentrations are Associated with Reduced Risk of Post-Natal HIV Transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007 Oct 1;46(2):2007.

83. Hamer DH, Mwanakasale V, MacLeod WB, Chalwe V, Mukwamataba D, Champo D, Mwanayanda L, Chilengi R, Mubikayi L, Kabika Mulele C. Mulenga M, Thea DM, Gill CJ. Two dose vs. Monthly Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine in HIV-Seropositive Zambian Women. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2007;196:1585-94.

84. Gill CJ, MacLeod W, Mwanakasale V, Chalwe V, Mwananyanda L, Champo D, Mukwamataba D, Chilengi R, Thea DM, Hamer DH. Inferiority of Single Dose Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Intermittent Preventive Therapy during Pregnancy among HIV-positive Zambian Women. Journal of Infectious Diseases,2007;196:1577-84.

85. Kuhn L, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Semrau K, Kasonde P, Scott N, Mwiya M, Vwalika C, Walter J, Tsai WY, Aldrovandi GM, Thea DM. High Uptake of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Reduced Early Post-Natal HIV Transmission. PLOS One 2007 Dec 26;2(12):e1363.

86. Kuhn L, Thea DM, Aldrovandi GM. Bystander effects: children who escape infection but not harm. JAIDS. 2007 Dec 15;46(5):517-8.

87. Kuhn L, Aldrovandi GM, Thea DM. Response to Otieno et al.: IV-1 Disease Progression in Breast-Feeding and Formula-Feeding Mothers. Letter to Editor, JID 2007:195 (1 June), 1727.

88. Castelletti E, Lo Caputo S, Kuhn L, Borelli M, Gajardo J, et al. The Mucosae-Associated Epithelial Chemokine (MEC/CCL28) Modulates Immunity in HIV Infection. 2007. PLoS ONE 2(10): e969.

89.  Hazir T, Fox L, NisarYB, Fox MP, Ashraf YP, MacLeod WB, Ramzan A, Maqbool S, Masood T, Hussain W, Murtaza A, Khawar N, Tariq P, Asghar R, Simon JL, Thea DM, and Qazi SA for the New, Outpatient, Short-Course, Home Oral Therapy for Severe Pneumonia
(NO-SHOTS) Study Group. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Ambulatory Short Course High Dose Oral Amoxicillin Therapy in the Treatment of Severe Pneumonia in Children. Lancet 2008; 371: 49-56.

90. Asghar R, Banajeh S, Egas J, Hibberd P, Iqbal I, Katep-Bwalya M, Kundi Z, Law PA, MacLeod W, Maulen-Radovan I, Mino G, Saha SK, Sempertegui F, Simon J, Santosham M, Singhi S, Thea DM, Qazi S and the SPEAR study group. Inadequacy of Chloramphenicol for Treatment of Very Severe Pneumonia: Multicentre Randomized Efficacy Trial of Chloramphenicol and Ampicillin Plus Gentamicin in Children Aged 2 To 59 Months with Very Severe Pneumonia. BMJ2008;336:80-84(12January),

91. Semrau S, Ghosh M, Kankasa C, Sinkala M, Kasonde P, Mwiya M, Thea DM, Kuhn L and Aldrovandi Grace M. Temporal and lateral dynamics of HIV shedding and elevated sodium in breast milk among HIV-positive mothers during the first four months of breastfeeding. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008;47:320-8.

92. Gill CJ, Mwanakasale V, Fox MP, Chilengi R, Tembo M, Nsofwa M, Chalwe V, Mwananyanda L, Mukwamataba D, Malilwe B, Champo D, Macleod WB, Thea DM, Hamer DH. Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization and Seroepidemiology among Zambian Women. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008;197:1000-5.

93. Kuhn L, Aldrovandi GM, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Semrau K, Mwiya M, Kasonde P, Scott N, Vwalika, Walter J, Bulterys M, Tsai WY, Thea DM, for the Zambia Exclusive Breastfeeding Study (ZEBS). No benefit of early abrupt weaning for HIV-free survival of children in Zambia. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;359:130-41.

94. Fox MP, Brooks D, Kuhn L, Aldrovandi G, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Mwiya M, Horsburgh R, Thea DM. Reduced mortality associated with breast-feeding-acquired HIV infection and breast-feeding among HIV-infected children in Zambia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 May 1;48(1):90-6.

95. Thea DM, Qazi SM. Neonatal Mortality - 4 million reasons for progress. Editorial. Lancet. 2008;371:1893-1895.

96. Patel A, Mamtani M, Hibberd PL, Tuan TA, Jeena P, Chisaka N, Hussan M, Maulen IR, Thea DM, Qazi S, Kulkarni H, Value of Chest Radiography in Predicting Response to Antibiotic Treatment in 3-59 Month Old Children with Severe Pneumonia. 2008. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12(11):1320-1326.

97. Gill CJ, Mwanakasale V, Fox MP, Chilengi R, Tembo M, Nsofwa M, Chalwe V, Mwananyanda L, Mukwamataba D, Malilwe B, Champo D, MacLeod WB, Thea DM, and Hamer DH. Effect of presumptive cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on pneumococcal colonization rates, seroepidemiology, and antibiotic resistance among Zambian infants. Bull of WHO, December 2008, 86(12), 1-10.

98. Murray, Laura K., Semrau, Katherine, McCurley, Ellen, Thea, Donald M., Scott, Nancy, Mwiya, Mwiya, Kankasa,Chipepo, Bass, Judith and Bolton, Paul. Barriers to acceptance and adherence of antiretroviral therapy in urban Zambian women: a qualitative study. 2009. AIDS Care, 21:1,78 - 86.

99. Fox MP, Brooks DR, Kuhn K, Aldrovandi G, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Horsburgh R and Thea DM. Role of breastfeeding cessation in mediating the relationship between maternal HIV disease stage and increased child mortality among HIV-exposed uninfected children. International Journal of Epidemiology 2009 38(2):569-576.

100. Walter J, Kuhn L, Kankasa C, Semrau S, Sinkala M, Thea DM, Aldrovandi GM. Reuse of single-dose nevirapine in subsequent pregnancies for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Lusaka, Zambia: A cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2008 Dec 30;8:172.

101. Mamtani M, Patel A, Hibberd PL, Tuan TA, Jeena P, Chisaka N, Hassan M, Maulen- Radovan I, Thea DM, Qazi S, and Kulkarni H. A Clinical Tool to Predict Failed Response to Therapy in Children with Severe Pneumonia. Pediatric Pulmonology 44:379-386 (2009).

102. Kuhn L, Semrau K, Ramachandran S, Sinkala M, Scott N, Kasonde P, Mwiya M, Kankasa C, Decker D, Thea DM, Aldrovandi GM. Mortality and virologic outcomes following access to antiretroviral therapy among a cohort of HIV-infected women who received single-dose nevirapine in Lusaka, Zambia. In press, JAIDS.

103. Kuhn L, Aldrovandi GM, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Semrau K, Mwiya M, Kasonde P, Scott N, Vwalika, Walter J, Bulterys M, Tsai WY, Thea DM, for the Zambia Exclusive Breastfeeding Study (ZEBS). Did poor acceptance dilute benefits of early weaning for HIV-free survival of children born to HIV-infected mothers in the Zambia Exclusive Breastfeeding Study? In press, PLOS One.

104. Walter J, Kuhn L, Semrau K, Decker DW, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Thea DM, Bulterys M, Ou C, Aldrovandi GM. Detection of low levels of HIV may be critical for the early diagnosis of pediatric HIV infection from dried blood spot. J Clin Micro, in press.

105. Arpadi S, Fawzy A, Aldrovandi GM, Kankasa C, Sinkala M, Mwiya M, Thea DM, Kuhn L. Growth faltering due to breastfeeding cessation among uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers in Zambia. Am J Clin Nutr, in press.

106. Walter J, Ghosh MK, Kuhn L, Semrau K, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Thea DM, Aldrovandi GM. High concentrations of interleukin-15 in breast milk are associated with a protection against postnatal HIV transmission among a cohort of women in Zambia. JID, in press.

107. Murnane PM, Arpadi SM, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Mwiya M, Kasonde P, Thea DM, Aldrovandi GM, Kuhn L. Lactation-associated postpartum weight changes among HIV-infected women in Zambia. In preparation.